INDIA -- Hindustani (North) vs Karnatic (South) Indian Music
Form: alap, jor, jhala—a model progression for almost any time-based artform
Upanishads / Vedic chants -- origins of Indian music?
Theory: tala, raga, bols, tihai, keeping tal (kriyas); "nested" tihai's
| Name | Beats | Division | Vibhaga (x = sam, 0 = khali) |
| Tintal | 16 | 4+4+4+4 | X 2 0 3 |
| Jhoomra | 14 | 3+4+3+4 | X 2 0 3 |
| Tilwada | 16 | 4+4+4+4 | X 2 0 3 |
| Dhamar | 14 | 5+2+3+4 | X 2 0 3 |
| Ektar and Chautal | 12 | 2+2+2+2+2+2 | X 0 2 0 3 4 |
| Jhaptal | 10 | 2+3+2+3 | X 2 0 3 |
| Keherwa | 8 | 4+4 | X 0 |
| Rupak (Mughlai/Roopak) | 7 | 3+2+2 | X 2 3 |
| Dadra | 6 | 3+3 | X 0 |